The American Success in the Spanish-american War Can Be Primarily Credited to

American Imperialism

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economic, military machine, and cultural influence of the U.s.a. internationally.

Learning Objectives

Define American imperialism

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The tardily nineteenth century was known as the "Historic period of Imperialism," a time when the Usa and other major earth powers rapidly expanded their territorial possessions.
• American imperialism is partly based on American exceptionalism, the idea that the Usa is different from other countries because of its specific globe mission to spread freedom and commonwealth.
• 1 of the most notable instances of American imperialism was the looting of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and command of all ports, buildings, harbors, military machine equipment, and public property that had belonged to the Regime of the Hawaiian Islands.
• Some groups, such as the American Anti-Imperialist League, opposed imperialism on the grounds that it conflicted with the American platonic of Republicans and the "consent of the governed."

Fundamental Terms

• Social Darwinism: An ideology that seeks to employ biological concepts of Darwinism or evolutionary theory to sociology and politics, often under the assumption that conflict betwixt societal groups leads to social progress, as superior groups surpass inferior ones.
• American Exceptionalism: A belief, cardinal to American political culture since the Revolution, that Americans have a unique mission among nations to spread freedom and democracy.
• The American Anti-Imperialist League: An organization established in the United States on June fifteen, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular area.
• American Imperialism: A term that refers to the economic, war machine, and cultural influence of the United States on other countries.

Expansion and Power

"American imperialism" is a term that refers to the economical, military machine, and cultural influence of the United states of america on other countries. Commencement popularized during the presidency of James K. Polk, the concept of an "American Empire" was made a reality throughout the latter one-half of the 1800s. During this time, industrialization caused American businessmen to seek new international markets in which to sell their goods. In addition, the increasing influence of social Darwinism led to the conventionalities that the United states of america was inherently responsible for bringing concepts such as industry, democracy, and Christianity to less developed "vicious" societies. The combination of these attitudes and other factors led the U.s.a. toward imperialism.

"Ten Thousand Miles from Tip to Tip": "X Chiliad Miles from Tip to Tip," refers to the extension of U.S. domination (symbolized by a bald eagle) from Puerto Rico to the Philippines. The cartoon contrasts the 1898 representation with that of the United States in 1798.

American imperialism is partly rooted in American exceptionalism, the idea that the The states is different from other countries due to its specific world mission to spread liberty and commonwealth. This theory frequently is traced back to the words of 1800s French observer Alexis de Tocqueville, who ended that the United States was a unique nation, "proceeding along a path to which no limit can exist perceived."

Pinpointing the actual outset of American imperialism is hard. Some historians suggest that it began with the writing of the Constitution; historian Donald W. Meinig argues that the imperial behavior of the United states of america dates dorsum to at least the Louisiana Purchase. He describes this event every bit an, "aggressive encroachment of 1 people upon the territory of another, resulting in the subjugation of that people to conflicting rule." Here, he is referring to the U.S. policies toward Native Americans, which he said were, "designed to remold them into a people more than appropriately conformed to majestic desires."

Uncle Sam teaching the globe: This extravaganza shows Uncle Sam lecturing 4 children labelled "Philippines," "Hawaii," "Puerto Rico," and "Cuba" in front of children holding books labeled with diverse U.South. states. In the groundwork, an American Indian holds a book upside down, a Chinese boy stands at the door, and a black male child cleans a window. The blackboard reads, "The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, merely very rare in fact… the U.Southward. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they tin can govern themselves."

Whatever its origins, American imperialism experienced its superlative from the late 1800s through the years following World War Two. During this "Age of Imperialism," the United States exerted political, social, and economic command over countries such as the Philippines, Cuba, Federal republic of germany, Austria, Korea, and Japan. 1 of the most notable examples of American imperialism in this age was the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, which allowed the United States to gain possession and control of all ports, buildings, harbors, military equipment, and public property that had formally belonged to the Government of the Hawaiian Islands. On January 17, 1893, the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaii, Queen Liliuokalani, was deposed in a insurrection d'état led largely past American citizens who were opposed to Liliuokalani's endeavor to establish a new Constitution. This action eventually resulted in Hawaii's becoming America's 50th land in 1959.

Opposition to Imperialism

The American Anti-Imperialist League was an arrangement established in the The states on June fifteen, 1898, to battle the American annexation of the Philippines as an insular surface area. The League also argued that the Spanish-American War was a state of war of imperialism camouflaged every bit a war of liberation. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism, especially the demand for "consent of the governed." They did not oppose expansion on commercial, constitutional, religious, or humanitarian grounds; rather, they believed that the annexation and administration of 3rd-world tropical areas would mean the abandonment of American ideals of self-government and isolation—ideals expressed in the U.S. Declaration of Independence, George Washington 'due south Adieu Address, and Abraham Lincoln 'southward Gettysburg Accost. The Anti-Imperialist League represented an older generation and was rooted in an earlier era; they were defeated in terms of public opinion, the 1900 ballot, and the actions of Congress and the president because almost younger Progressives who were simply coming to power supported imperialism.

The Spanish-American War

The Spanish-American War was a three-month-long conflict in 1898 between Spain and the U.s.a..

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Spanish-American War

Fundamental Takeaways

Key Points

• The Spanish-American War was the result of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban War of Independence with Spain.
• The state of war served to further repair relations between the American North and South. The war gave both sides a common enemy for the commencement time since the end of the Civil State of war in 1865, and many friendships were formed between soldiers of Northern and Southern states during their tours of duty.
• The state of war marked American entry into globe affairs. Since then, the U.s. has had a significant hand in various conflicts around the earth, and has entered into many treaties and agreements.
• The defeat of Spain marked the terminate of the Spanish Empire.

Key Terms

• expansionism: The policy of expanding a nation'south territory or its economical influence.

Overview

The Spanish-American State of war was a conflict in 1898 between Espana and the United States. Information technology was the upshot of American intervention in the ongoing Cuban State of war of Independence. American attacks on Spain'due south Pacific possessions led to U.Southward. involvement in the Philippine Revolution and ultimately to the Philippine-American War.

Background

Revolts against Spanish dominion had been owned for decades in Cuba and were closely watched by Americans. With the abolition of slavery in 1886, former slaves joined the ranks of farmers and the urban working class, many wealthy Cubans lost their holding, and the number of sugar mills declined. Only companies and the virtually powerful plantation owners remained in concern, and during this menses, U.S. financial capital began flowing into the country. Although it remained Spanish territory politically, Republic of cuba started to depend on the United States economically. Coincidentally, around the same time, Cuba saw the rise of labor movements.

Post-obit his second deportation to Spain in 1878, revolutionary José Martí moved to the The states in 1881. In that location he mobilized the support of the Cuban exile community, especially in southern Florida. He aimed for a revolution and independence from Kingdom of spain, simply also lobbied against the U.Southward. annexation of Cuba, which some American and Cuban politicians desired.

By 1897–1898, American public opinion grew angrier at reports of Spanish atrocities in Cuba. After the mysterious sinking of the American battleship Maine in Havana harbor, political pressures from the Democratic Political party pushed the administration of Republican President William McKinley into a war he had wished to avoid. Compromise proved impossible, resulting in the United states sending an ultimatum to Kingdom of spain that demanded it immediately surrender control of Cuba, which the Spanish rejected. First Madrid, then Washington, formally declared war.

The War

Although the master issue was Cuban independence, the 10-week state of war was fought in both the Caribbean and the Pacific. American naval ability proved decisive, assuasive U.S. expeditionary forces to disembark in Cuba against a Spanish garrison already reeling from nationwide insurgent attacks and wasted by yellow fever.

The Spanish-American State of war was swift and decisive. During the war'due south 3-month elapsing, non a single American reverse of whatsoever importance occurred. A calendar week after the declaration of war, Commodore George Dewey of the six-warship Asiatic Squadron (and so based at Hong Kong) steamed his armada to the Philippines. Dewey caught the entire Castilian armada at anchor in Manila Bay and destroyed information technology without losing an American life.

Cuban, Philippine, and American forces obtained the surrender of Santiago de Republic of cuba and Manila as a result of their numerical superiority in near of the battles and despite the good operation of some Spanish infantry units and spirited defenses in places such as San Juan Hill. Madrid sued for peace after 2 obsolete Spanish squadrons were sunk in Santiago de Republic of cuba and Manila Bay. A third more than modern fleet was recalled home to protect the Spanish coasts.

The Treaty of Paris

The issue of the state of war was the 1898 Treaty of Paris, negotiated on terms favorable to the United States. It allowed temporary American control of Cuba and indefinite colonial authority over Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines following their purchase from Kingdom of spain. The defeat and collapse of the Spanish Empire was a profound shock to Spain's national psyche, and provoked a move of thoroughgoing philosophical and artistic reevaluation of Castilian guild known as the "Generation of '98." The victor gained several island possessions spanning the globe, which caused a rancorous new argue over the wisdom of expansionism.

Legacy of the War

"La Fatlera del Oncle Sam": A Catalan satirical drawing, published in La Campana de Gràcia (1896), criticizing U.Southward. beliefs regarding Cuba.

The war marked American entry into world affairs. Before the Spanish-American State of war, the Us was characterized past isolationism, an approach to foreign policy that asserts that a nation'south interests are best served by keeping the affairs of other countries at a altitude. Since the Castilian-American War, the U.s.a. has had a significant hand in diverse conflicts around the earth, and has entered many treaties and agreements. The Panic of 1893 was over by this betoken, and the U.s.a. entered a long and prosperous menstruum of economical and population growth and technological innovation that lasted through the 1920s. The war redefined national identity, served as a solution of sorts to the social divisions plaguing the American mind, and provided a model for all future news reporting.

The war also effectively ended the Spanish Empire. Espana had been declining as an regal power since the early nineteenth century as a consequence of Napoleon's invasion. The loss of Cuba acquired a national trauma considering of the affinity of peninsular Spaniards with Cuba, which was seen every bit another province of Spain rather than as a colony. Spain retained but a handful of overseas holdings: Castilian West Africa, Spanish Guinea, Spanish Sahara, Spanish Kingdom of morocco, and the Canary Islands.

Markets and Missionaries

Progressive Era evangelism included strong political, social, and economic messages, which urged adherents to ameliorate their society.

Learning Objectives

Place the Social Gospel move and the American Missionary Association

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in society.
• The American Missionary Association established schools and colleges for African Americans in the postal service-Civil War period.
• The Social Gospel motion was not a unified and well-focused motion, equally there were disagreements among members.

Key Terms

• Social Gospel: A Protestant Christian intellectual move that was about prominent in the early twentieth-century Usa and Canada that applied Christian ethics to social bug.
• American Missionary Clan: An organization supporting the education of freed blacks that founded hundreds of schools and colleges.
• Evangelical: Of or relating to any of several Christian churches that believe in the sole authority of the gospels.

The Social Gospel Movement

The Social Gospel was a Protestant movement that was nearly prominent in the early on twentieth-century United States and Canada. The movement practical Christian ideals to social problems, particularly issues of social justice such as economic inequality, poverty, alcoholism, crime, racial tensions, slums, unclean environments, kid labor, inadequate labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.

In the United states, prior to World State of war I, the Social Gospel was the religious wing of the Progressive movement, which aimed to combat injustice, suffering, and poverty in society. Denver, Colorado, was a middle of Social Gospel activism. Thomas Uzzell led the Methodist People's Tabernacle from 1885 to 1910. He established a costless clinic for medical emergencies, an employment agency for job seekers, a summer camp for children, nighttime schools for extended learning, and English language classes. Myron Reed of the First Congregational Church became a spokesman for labor unions on problems such equally worker'southward compensation. His middle-grade congregation encouraged Reed to motility on when he became a Socialist, and he organized a nondenominational church building. Baptist minister Jim Goodhart fix up an employment bureau, and provided food and lodging for tramps and hobos at the mission he ran. He became metropolis clergyman and director of public welfare of Denver in 1918. In improver to these Protestants, Reform Jews and Catholics helped build Denver's social welfare arrangement in the early twentieth century.

Walter Rauschenbusch and Dwight Moody

Pastor Dwight Moody, ca.1900: Portrait of Pastor Dwight Moody: preacher, evangelist, and publisher in the Social Gospel movement.

I of the defining theologians for the Social Gospel movement was Walter Rauschenbusch, a Baptist pastor of a congregation located in Hell'south Kitchen in New York City. Rauschenbusch railed against what he regarded as the selfishness of capitalism and promoted a form of Christian Socialism that supported the creation of labor unions and cooperative economics.

While pastors such every bit Rauschenbusch were combining their expertise in Biblical ideals and economic studies and research to preach theological claims around the demand for social reform, others such as Dwight Moody refused to preach about social issues based on personal experience. Pastor Moody'south experience led him to believe that the poor were besides particular in receiving charity. Moody claimed that concentrating on social assistance distracted people from the life-saving message of the Gospel.

Rauschenbusch sought to address the issues of the metropolis with Socialist ideas that proved to exist frightening to the center classes, the primary supporters of the Social Gospel. In dissimilarity, Moody attempted to relieve people from the metropolis and was very effective in influencing centre-course Americans who were moving into the city with traditional style revivals.

The American Missionary Association

The American Missionary Association (AMA) was a Protestant-based abolitionist group founded on September iii, 1846, in Albany, New York. The main purpose of this organization was to abolish slavery, educate African Americans, abet for racial equality, and promote Christian values. Its members and leaders were both black and white and chiefly affiliated with Congregationalist, Methodist, and Presbyterian churches.

The AMA started The American Missionary magazine, which published from 1846 through 1934. Among its efforts was the founding of antislavery churches. For instance, the abolitionist Owen Lovejoy was among the Congregational ministers of the AMA who helped found 115 antislavery churches in Illinois before the American Ceremonious War, aided by the strong westward migration of individuals from the East. While the AMA became notable in the United States for its work in opposition to slavery and in support of educational activity for freed men, information technology also worked in missions in numerous nations overseas. The nineteenth-century missionary attempt was strong in Prc and eastern asia.

Legacy

While the Social Gospel was short-lived historically, it had a lasting impact on the policies of most of the mainline denominations in the United States. Most began programs for social reform, which led to ecumenical cooperation in 1910 during the formation of the Federal Council of Churches (although cooperation regarding social problems often led to charges of Socialism). It is likely that the Social Gospel's strong sense of leadership by the people led to women'southward suffrage, and that the emphasis information technology placed on morality led to prohibition. Biographer Randall Woods argues that Social Gospel themes learned from childhood allowed Lyndon B. Johnson to transform social problems into moral problems. This helps explain his longtime delivery to social justice, as exemplified past the Nifty Society, and his commitment to racial equality. The Social Gospel explicitly inspired his strange-policy approach of a sort of Christian internationalism and nation edifice.

The Open Door Policy

The Open Door Policy aimed to keep the Chinese trade marketplace open up to all countries on an equal basis.

Learning Objectives

Identify the Open up Door Policy and the Monroe Doctrine

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• The Open up Door Policy was established in 1899 and stated that all European nations and the U.s. could trade with China with equal standing.
• The Monroe Doctrine stated that efforts past European nations to colonize or interfere with states in Northward or Southward America would exist viewed as acts of assailment toward the United States and that the Us would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal European affairs.

Key Terms

• Open Door Policy: A doctrine that governed the relationship between China and the imperial powers (Uk, French republic, Federal republic of germany, Italy, Russian federation, America, and Nippon) during the early on 1900s. The policy forbade the royal powers from taking Chinese territory and from interfering with one some other's economic activities in China.
• Monroe Doctrine: A U.Southward. strange policy regarding domination of the Americas, which aimed to free the newly contained colonies of Latin America from European intervention.

The "Open Door Policy" refers to a U.S. doctrine established in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, as expressed in Secretarial assistant of State John Hay'southward "Open Door Annotation," dated September half dozen, 1899, and dispatched to the major European powers. The policy proposed to continue Cathay open to merchandise with all countries on an equal basis, keeping any i power from total control of the country, and calling upon all powers, within their spheres of influence, to refrain from interfering with whatsoever treaty port or any vested interest, to permit Chinese regime to collect tariffs on an equal ground, and to testify no favors to their ain nationals in the thing of harbor dues or railroad charges.

The Open Door policy was rooted in the desire of U.S. businesses to trade with Chinese markets, though the policy'southward pledging to protect Mainland china'south sovereignty and territorial integrity from partitioning besides tapped the deep-seated sympathies of those who opposed imperialism. In practise, the policy had little legal standing; it was mainly used to mediate competing interests of the colonial powers without much meaningful input from the Chinese, which created lingering resentment and acquired it to exist seen later as a symbol of national humiliation by many Chinese historians.

Formation of the Policy

During the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895, China faced an imminent threat of being partitioned and colonized by imperialist powers such as Britain, French republic, Russia, Japan, and Frg. Later on winning the Spanish-American War of 1898, and with the newly acquired territory of the Philippine Islands, the United States increased its Asian presence and was expecting to further its commercial and political interest in Prc. The U.s.a. felt threatened past other powers' much larger spheres of influence in China and worried that information technology might lose access to the Chinese market should the country be partitioned.

As a response, William Woodville Rockhill formulated the Open Door Policy to safeguard American business opportunities and other interests in Prc. On September 6, 1899, U.S. Secretary of State John Hay sent notes to the major powers (France, Deutschland, Britain, Italian republic, Japan, and Russian federation), request them to declare formally that they would uphold Chinese territorial and administrative integrity and would not interfere with the gratis use of the treaty ports inside their spheres of influence in Cathay. The Open Door Policy stated that all nations, including the United states of america, could enjoy equal access to the Chinese marketplace.

In answer, each country tried to evade Hay's asking, taking the position that information technology could non commit itself until the other nations had complied. However, by July 1900, Hay announced that each of the powers had granted consent in principle. Although treaties fabricated after 1900 refer to the Open up Door Policy, contest among the various powers for special concessions inside China for railroad rights, mining rights, loans, strange trade ports, and and then forth, continued unabated.

The Monroe Doctrine

The Monroe Doctrine was a U.S. foreign policy regarding domination of the Americas in 1823. Information technology stated that further efforts by European nations to colonize land or interfere with states in Due north or Southward America would be viewed as acts of aggression, requiring U.Due south. intervention. At the same time, the doctrine noted that the United States would neither interfere with existing European colonies nor meddle in the internal concerns of European countries. The Doctrine was issued in 1823 at a time when nearly all Latin American colonies of Espana and Portugal had accomplished, or were at the bespeak of gaining, independence from the Portuguese and Spanish Empires.

Monroe Doctrine: A 1912 newspaper cartoon virtually the Monroe Doctrine.

President James Monroe first stated the doctrine during his seventh-annual State of the Union Address to Congress. The term "Monroe Doctrine" itself was coined in 1850. By the end of the nineteenth century, Monroe'south announcement was seen every bit a defining moment in the foreign policy of the United States and 1 of its longest-standing tenets. It would exist invoked by many U.S. statesmen and several U.Due south. presidents, including Ulysses S. Grant, Theodore Roosevelt, John F. Kennedy, Ronald Reagan, and many others.

The intent and impact of the Monroe Doctrine persisted with only small variations for more than a century. Its stated objective was to costless the newly independent colonies of Latin America from European intervention and avoid situations that could make the New World a battleground for the Old World powers, then that the United States could exert its own influence undisturbed. The doctrine asserted that the New World and the Old World were to remain distinctly separate spheres of influence, for they were composed of entirely separate and independent nations.

Inherent in the Monroe Doctrine are the themes of American exceptionalism and Manifest Destiny, two ideas that refer to the correct of the United States to exert its influence over the rest of the world. Nether these atmospheric condition, the Monroe Doctrine was used to justify American intervention away multiple times throughout the nineteenth century, near notably in the Castilian-American War and with the annexation of Hawaii.

The Philippine-American State of war

The Philippine-American War was an armed disharmonize that resulted in American colonial rule of the Philippines until 1946.

Learning Objectives

Clarify the Philippine-American State of war

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• The Philippine-American War was part of a series of conflicts in the Philippine struggle for independence, preceded past the Philippine Revolution (1896) and the Spanish-American War.
• The conflict arose from the struggle of the First Philippine Commonwealth to gain independence post-obit looting by the United States.
• The war and U.South. occupation inverse the cultural landscape of the islands. Examples of this include the disestablishment of the Catholic Church equally the Philippine land religion and the introduction of the English language as the primary language of authorities and concern.
• The United States officially took control of the Philippines in 1902. In 1916, the U.s.a. promised some self-authorities, a limited form of which was established in 1935. In 1946, following World War II, the United States gave the territory independence through the Treaty of Manila.

Key Terms

• Philippine Revolution of 1896: An armed conflict in which Philippine revolutionaries tried to win national independence from Spanish colonial rule. Power struggles among the revolutionaries and disharmonize with Spanish forces connected throughout the Spanish-American War.
• Battle of Manila: The battle that began the Philippine-American War of 1899.
• American Anti-Imperialist League: A U.S. organization that opposed American control of the Philippines and viewed it every bit a violation of republican principles. The group as well believed in free trade, the gold standard, and limited authorities.

The Philippine-American State of war, also known as the "Philippine War of Independence" or the "Philippine Coup" (1899–1902), was an armed conflict between the Us and Filipino revolutionaries. The conflict arose afterward the Philippine Revolution of 1896, from the Kickoff Philippine Republic's struggle to proceeds independence following annexation past the United States.

The disharmonize arose when the First Philippine Republic objected to the terms of the Treaty of Paris, nether which the United states of america took possession of the Philippines from Spain later on the Spanish-American War.

The Boxing of Manila: The Boxing of Manila, February 1899.

Fighting erupted betwixt U.Southward. and Filipino revolutionary forces on Feb 4, 1899, and apace escalated into the 1899 Boxing of Manila. On June 2, 1899, the Start Philippine Republic officially alleged war confronting the United States. The war officially ended on July two, 1902, with a victory for the The states. Withal, some Philippine groups led past veterans of the Katipunan continued to battle the American forces. Amid those leaders was General Macario Sakay, a veteran Katipunan member who assumed the presidency of the proclaimed "Tagalog Republic," formed in 1902 after the capture of President Emilio Aguinaldo. Other groups, including the Moro people and Pulahanes people, continued hostilities in remote areas and islands until their final defeat a decade afterward at the Boxing of Bud Bagsak on June 15, 1913.

Touch and Legacy

Filipino soldiers: Filipino soldiers outside Manila in 1899.

The state of war with and occupation past the The states would change the cultural landscape of the islands. The war resulted in an estimated 34,000 to 220,000 Philippine casualties (with more civilians dying from affliction and hunger brought about by state of war); the disestablishment of the Roman Catholic Church building as the state organized religion; and the introduction of the English language in the islands every bit the main linguistic communication of authorities, pedagogy, business organisation, and manufacture, and increasingly in future decades, of families and educated individuals.

Nether the 1902 "Philippine Organic Deed," passed by the U.South. Congress, Filipinos initially were given very express self-authorities, including the right to vote for some elected officials such as a Philippine Assembly. But information technology was non until xiv years subsequently, with the passage of the 1916 Philippine Autonomy Act (or "Jones Act"), that the Usa officially promised eventual independence, along with more Philippine control in the meantime over the Philippines. The 1934 Philippine Independence Human activity created in the following yr the Commonwealth of the Philippines, a limited form of independence, and established a process catastrophe in Philippine independence (originally scheduled for 1944, but interrupted and delayed by World War Two). Finally in 1946, post-obit World War Ii and the Japanese occupation of the Philippines, the United States granted independence through the Treaty of Manila.

American Opposition

Some Americans, notably William Jennings Bryan, Mark Twain, Andrew Carnegie, Ernest Crosby, and other members of the American Anti-Imperialist League, strongly objected to the annexation of the Philippines. Anti-imperialist movements claimed that the United States had become a colonial ability by replacing Espana every bit the colonial ability in the Philippines. Other anti-imperialists opposed annexation on racist grounds. Among these was Senator Benjamin Tillman of South Carolina, who feared that looting of the Philippines would lead to an influx of nonwhite immigrants into the United States. Equally news of atrocities committed in subduing the Philippines arrived in the United States, support for the war flagged.

The Banana Wars

The Banana Wars were a serial of U.S. military occupations and interventions in Latin American and Caribbean countries during the early on 1900s.

Learning Objectives

Analyze the Banana Wars

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• The Banana Wars were a series of conflicts and military machine interventions in Latin America and the Caribbean area caused or influenced by the United states to protect its commercial interests. Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, Mexico, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy were all venues of conflicts.
• The United Fruit Company and the Standard Fruit Company had meaning commercial stakes and influence in Latin America and were behind many of the conflicts.

Primal Terms

• Roosevelt Corollary: An extension to the Monroe Doctrine articulated by President Theodore Roosevelt that states that the United states will arbitrate in conflicts betwixt European nations and Latin American countries to enforce legitimate claims of the European powers, rather than allowing the Europeans to press their claims directly.
• United Fruit Visitor: An American company that sold fruit produced on Latin and South American plantations to North American and European markets. Along with the Standard Fruit Company, it dominated the economies and strongly influenced the governments of Latin American countries.

The Banana Wars, besides known every bit the "American-Caribbean Wars," were a series of occupations, law deportment, and interventions involving the U.s.a. in Central America and the Caribbean. This period of conflict started with the Spanish-American War in 1898 and the subsequent Treaty of Paris, which gave the U.s. command of Cuba and Puerto Rico. Thereafter, the Usa conducted war machine interventions in Cuba, Panama, Honduras, Nicaragua, United mexican states, Haiti, and the Dominican Democracy. The series of conflicts ended with the withdrawal of troops from Republic of haiti in 1934 under President Franklin D. Roosevelt. Reasons for these conflicts were varied merely were largely economic in nature. The disharmonize was chosen the "Banana Wars" because of the connections between U.Due south. interventions and the preservation of American commercial interests in the region.

United Fruit Company Steamship Service: A 1916 advertisement for the United Fruit Company Steamship Service.

Most prominently, the United Fruit Company had significant financial stakes in the product of bananas, tobacco, saccharide pikestaff, and various other products throughout the Caribbean, Key America, and northern South America. The United states of america also was advancing its political interests, maintaining a sphere of influence and decision-making the Panama Canal, which it had recently built and which was critically important to global trade and naval power.

Panama and the Canal

In 1882, Ferdinand de Lesseps started work on a canal, but by 1889, the effort had experienced applied science challenges caused by frequent landslides, slippage of equipment, and mud, and resulted in defalcation. U.Southward. President Theodore Roosevelt convinced Congress to take on the abandoned works in 1902, while Colombia was in the midst of the K Days' War. During the war, Panamanian Liberals made at to the lowest degree three attempts to seize command of Panama and potentially accomplish total autonomy. Liberal guerrillas such every bit Belisario Porras and Victoriano Lorenzo were suppressed by a collaboration between bourgeois Colombian and U.South. forces nether the Mallarino-Bidlack Treaty. The Roosevelt administration proposed to Republic of colombia that the The states should control the canal, but by mid-1903, the Colombian government refused. The The states and so changed tactics.

Less than three weeks later, on November 18, 1903, the Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty was signed betwixt Frenchman Philippe-Jean Bunau-Varilla, who had promptly been appointed Panamanian administrator to the United states of america (representing Panamanian interests), and the U.Southward. Secretarial assistant of Country John Hay. The treaty allowed for the construction of a culvert and U.S. sovereignty over a strip of land 10-miles broad and 50-miles long on either side of the Panama Canal Zone. In that zone, the United states would build a canal, then administer, fortify, and defend it "in perpetuity."

Honduras and American Fruit Companies

Republic of honduras, where the United Fruit Company and Standard Fruit Company dominated the state'south central assistant export sector and associated land holdings and railways, saw the insertion of American troops in 1903, 1907, 1911, 1912, 1919, 1924, and 1925. The author O. Henry coined the term "banana republic" in 1904 to draw Honduras.

The first decades of Honduras'due south history were marked by instability in terms of politics and economy. Indeed, the political context gave style to 210 armed conflicts between independence and the rise to ability of the Carias government. This instability was due in function to American interest in the state.

The first company that ended an agreement with the Honduras government was the Vaccaro Brothers Company (Standard Fruit Company). The Cuyamel Fruit Company then followed that lead. The United Fruit Visitor also agreed to a contract with the government, which was attained through its subsidies (the Tela Rail Road Company and Truxillo Rail Route Visitor).

Different avenues led to the signature of a contract between the Honduras government and the American companies. The most pop avenue was to obtain a grab on a piece of state in exchange for the completion of railroads in Republic of honduras; this explains why a railroad company conducted the understanding between the United Fruit Visitor and Honduras. The ultimate goal in the conquering of a contract was to control the bananas, from product to distribution. Therefore, the American companies would finance guerrilla fighters, presidential campaigns, and governments.

United mexican states

The U.S. military involvements with United mexican states in this period are related to the aforementioned full general commercial and political causes, but stand every bit a special instance. The Americans conducted the Edge War with United mexican states from 1910 to 1919 for additional reasons: to control the flow of immigrants and refugees from revolutionary Mexico (pacificos), and to counter insubordinate raids into U.S. territory. The 1914 U.S. occupation of Veracruz, however, was an exercise of armed influence, not an issue of edge integrity; it was aimed at cutting off the supplies of German munitions to the government of Mexican leader Victoriano Huerta, whom U.Due south. President Woodrow Wilson refused to recognize. In the years prior to Globe State of war I, the United States likewise was sensitive to the regional balance of power against Germany. The Germans were actively arming and advising the Mexicans, every bit demonstrated past the 1914 SS Ypiranga arms-shipping incident, the establishment of German language saboteur Lothar Witzke's base in Mexico City, the 1917 Zimmermann Telegram, and the presence of German advisors during the 1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales. Only twice during the Mexican Revolution did the U.S. military occupy Mexico: during the temporary occupation of Veracruz in 1914 and between the years 1916 and 1917, when U.S. Full general John Pershing and his army came to Mexico to lead a nationwide search for Pancho Villa.

Other Countries

Other Latin American nations were influenced or dominated by American economic policies and/or commercial interests to the point of coercion. Theodore Roosevelt declared the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, asserting the correct of the United States to intervene to stabilize the economic diplomacy of states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts. From 1909 to 1913, President William Howard Taft and his Secretarial assistant of State Philander C. Knox asserted a more "peaceful and economic" Dollar Diplomacy foreign policy, although that, too, was backed by force. The U.S. Marine Corps most often carried out these military interventions. The Marines were chosen in and then oft that they adult a Small Wars Manual, The Strategy and Tactics of Small Wars, in 1921. On occasion, U.S. Naval gunfire and U.Due south. Army troops were also used.

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Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/american-imperialism/

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